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Traceroute
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TRACEROUTE "February 28, 1989"
Copyright (c) 1988 The Regents of the University of California.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
advertising materials, and other materials related to such
distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
by the University of California, Berkeley. The name of the
University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
traceroute - print the route packets take to network host
SYNOPSIS
traceroute [-m max_ttl] [-n] [-p port] [-q nqueries] [-r]
[-s src_addr] [-g addr] [-t tos] [-w waittime] host [packetsize]
DESCRIPTION
The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware,
connected together by gateways. Tracking the route one's packets follow
(or finding the miscreant gateway that's discarding your packets) can be
difficult.
Traceroute utilizes the IP protocol `time to live' field and attempts to
elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path
to some host.
The only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IP number.
The default probe datagram length is 38 bytes, but this may be increased
by specifying a packet size (in bytes) after the destination host name.
Other options are:
-m n Set the max time-to-live (max number of hops) used in outgoing
probe packets to n hops. The default is 30 hops (the same
default used for TCP connections).
-n Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically and
numerically (saves a nameserver address-to-name lookup for each
gateway found on the path).
-p n Set the base UDP port number used in probes to n (default is
33434).
Traceroute hopes that nothing is listening on UDP ports. I base
to base+nhops-1 at the destination host (so an ICMP
PORT_UNREACHABLE message will be returned to terminate the route
tracing). If something is listening on a port in the default
range, this option can be used to pick an unused port range.
-r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on
an attached network. If the host is not on a directly-attached
network, an error is returned. This option can be used to ping a
local host through an interface that has no route through it
(e.g., after the interface was dropped by routed).
-s a Use a as the IP address (which must be given as an IP number,
not a hostname) as the source address in outgoing probe packets.
On hosts with more than one IP address, this option can be used
to force the source address to be something other than the IP
address of the interface the probe packet is sent on.
If the IP address is not one of this machine's interface
addresses, an error is returned and nothing is sent.
-g a Enable the IP LSRR (Loose Source Record Route) option in
addition to the TTL tests. This is useful for asking how
somebody else, at IP address a, reaches a particular target.
-t tos Set the type-of-service in probe packets to the following value
(default zero). The value must be a decimal integer in the range
0 to 255. This option can be used to see if different
types-of-service result in different paths.
(If you are not running 4.4bsd, this may be academic since the
normal network services like telnet and ftp don't let you
control the TOS). Not all values of TOS are legal or meaningful
- see the IP spec for definitions.
Useful values are probably `-t 16' (low delay) and `-t 8' (high
throughput).
-u Enable MTU discovery. If a packetsize is also given, the
packetsize sets the starting size when this option is used.
(New to the Acorn RISC OS version)
-v Verbose output. Received ICMP packets other than TIME_EXCEEDED
and UNREACHABLEs are listed.
-w n Set the time to wait for a response to a probe to n seconds
(default 3 sec.).
This program attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to
some internet host by launching UDP probe packets with a small ttl (time
to live) then listening for an ICMP "time exceeded" reply from a
gateway. We start our probes with a ttl of one and increase by one until
we get an ICMP "port unreachable" (which means we got to "host") or hit
a max (which defaults to 30 hops & can be changed with the -m flag).
Three probes (change with -q flag) are sent at each ttl setting and a
line is printed showing the ttl, address of the gateway and round trip
time of each probe. If the probe answers come from different gateways,
the address of each responding system will be printed.
If there is no response within a 3 sec. timeout interval (changed with
the -w flag), a "*" is printed for that probe.
We don't want the destination host to process the UDP probe packets so
the destination port is set to an unlikely value (if some clod on the
destination is using that value, it can be changed with the -p flag).
A sample use and output might be:
[yak 71]% traceroute nis.nsf.net.
traceroute to nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 30 hops max, 56 byte packet
1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms
2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms
3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms
4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms
5 ccn-nerif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms
6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms
7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms
8 129.140.70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms
9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms
10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms
11 nic.merit.edu (35.1.1.48) 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms
Note that lines 2 & 3 are the same. This is due to a buggy kernel on the
2nd hop system - lbl-csam.arpa - that forwards packets with a zero ttl
(a bug in the distributed version of 4.3BSD).
A more interesting example is:
[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu.
traceroute to allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), 30 hops max
1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms
2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 19 ms 19 ms
3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms
4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms
5 ccn-nerif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 20 ms 39 ms 39 ms
6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms 39 ms
7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms
8 129.140.70.13 (129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms
9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms
10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms
11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms
12 * * *
13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms
14 * * *
15 * * *
16 * * *
17 * * *
18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26.0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 ms
Note that the gateways 12, 14, 15, 16 & 17 hops away either don't send
ICMP "time exceeded" messages or send them with a ttl too small to reach
us. 14 - 17 are running the MIT C Gateway code that doesn't send "time
exceeded"s. God only knows what's going on with 12.
The silent gateway 12 in the above may be the result of a bug in the
4.[23]BSD network code (and its derivatives): 4.x (x <= 3) sends an
unreachable message using whatever ttl remains in the original datagram.
Since, for gateways, the remaining ttl is zero, the ICMP "time exceeded"
is guaranteed to not make it back to us. The behavior of this bug is
slightly more interesting when it appears on the destination system:
1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms
2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms
3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms
4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms
5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms
6 csgw.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms
7 * * *
8 * * *
9 * * *
10 * * *
11 * * *
12 * * *
13 rip.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.131.22) 59 ms ! 39 ms ! 39 ms !
Notice that there are 12 "gateways" (13 is the final destination) and
exactly the last half of them are "missing". What's really happening is
that rip (a Sun-3 running Sun OS3.5) is using the ttl from our arriving
datagram as the ttl in its ICMP reply.
So, the reply will time out on the return path (with no notice sent to
anyone since ICMP's aren't sent for ICMP's) until we probe with a ttl
that's at least twice the path length.
I.e., rip is really only 7 hops away. A reply that returns with a ttl of
1 is a clue this problem exists.
Traceroute prints a "!" after the time if the ttl is <= 1. Since vendors
ship a lot of obsolete (DEC's Ultrix, Sun 3.x) or non-standard (HPUX)
software, expect to see this problem frequently and/or take care picking
the target host of your probes.
Other possible annotations after the time are:
!H, !N, !P (got a host, network or protocol unreachable, respectively),
!S or !F (source route failed or fragmentation needed \- neither of
these should ever occur and the associated gateway is busted if you see
one).
If almost all the probes result in some kind of unreachable, traceroute
will give up and exit.
traceroute -g 10.3.0.5 128.182.0.0
will show the path from the Cambridge Mailbridge to PSC while
traceroute \-g 192.5.146.4 \-g 10.3.0.5 35.0.0.0
shows how the Cambridge Mailbrige reaches Merit, by using PSC to reach
the Mailbridge.
This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and
management. It should be used primarily for manual fault isolation.
Because of the load it could impose on the network, it is unwise to use
traceroute during normal operations or from automated scripts.
AUTHOR
Implemented by Van Jacobson from a suggestion by Steve Deering.
Debugged by a cast of thousands with particularly cogent suggestions
or fixes from C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver and Ken Adelman.
SEE ALSO
netstat
ping
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This version ported to RISC OS for FreeNet from the NetBSD 4.4 source
by Tom Hughes in April 1995. The path MTU discovery code and code for
gettimeofday() are taken from the previous RISC OS port done by Adam
Goodfellow on 3rd December 1994.